Discoveries in the Human Brain: Neuroscience Prehistory, Brain Structure, and Function Reviews

Different Parts of Human Brain and Its Functions

A normal human brain weighs about 2% of the total body weight. Human brain grows up to 75-80% of the adult size with in the first two years and full size at the age of 6 years. It is situated in a bony case called cranium which protect it from injuries. Brain is covered with cranial meninges. Human brain is wrinkled surface and pinkish grey in colour. It is formed of more than 100 billion neurons. Since each neuron can connect with about 25,000 other cells there are about 2.5 million billions inter linked nerve connection in the brain. Human brain can be divided in to three regions, Fore brain, Mid brain and Hind brain..for  details visit

 http://expertscolumn.com/content/different-parts-human-brain-and-its-functions

                                    Fore brain

          Fore brain consists of cerebrum and diencephalons.

A)Cerebrum

Cerebrum is the largest portion and occupies about 2/3 portions of human brain. It is divided by longitudinal fissures in to two cerebral hemispheres. Two hemispheres are connected by a horizontal sheet of nerve fibre called corpus callosum. It consists of long bundles of densely packed nerve fibre which are 10 cm long. There are about 200 millions of nerve fibres in the corpus callosum.

Each cerebral hemisphere is divided in to four lobes by three deep grooves called fissures. From the front to the back they are frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe and occipital lobe. The left part of the brain controls the right part of body and right half controls the left part.

 

Functions of various lobes of cerebrum

1)Frontal lobe

  It involves in the inner monitoring of complex thoughts and actions and creative ideas. It helps in the translation of perceptions and memories in to action. Will power and personality is affected by the development of this lobe. Abstracting ability and decision making ability is controlled by this lobe.

2)Temporal lobe

    Temporal lobe helps in the decoding and interpretation of sounds. It helps in the language comprehension. It is the centre for memory and emotions.

3)Parietal lobe

   It is the main area for feeling of touch, hot, cold and pain. It takes informations from surroundings and organizes it and communicates to the other part of the brain. It controls activities like reading a clock, dressing ourselves.

4)Occipital lobe

   Occipital lobe decodes and interprets the visual informations such as shape and colour.

 

 

 Cerebral Cortex

  The outer surface of the cerebrum is called cerebral cortex. It is a layer of 2-4 mm thick. Cerebral complex has a grayish brown appearance . Hence it is referred to as gray matter. Surface of cerebral cortex is divided in to many number of folds. This increases the surface area of the brain.

 

B) Diencephlon

   Diencephlon is hidden by cerebrum. It consists of mainly subcortical nuclei, thalamus and hypothalamus.

 

1)Subcortical Nuclei

 Different collections of neurons are known as nuclei. Each nucleus has its own specific function. The nuclei has its own functions. The nuclei control different activities automatically. In the forebrain at the base of the cortex there is a collection of subcortical nuclei. It is called basal ganglia. Corpus striatum is the largest nucleus present in it. It regulates planning and execution of stereotyped movements.

 2)Thalamus

   Thalamus lies laterally posterior to the cerebrum. It is the important link between   sense organs and cerebral cortex. Thalamus receives majority of the incoming signal  from the sense organs. It determines the source of signals, evaluates their importance and integrates and passes them to the cerebrum.

 3)Hypothalamus

  Hypothalamus lies in the base of thalamus. It is a small vascularised structure weighs about 4 gm. It is only about 1/300 of the total brain mass.

 

  Functions of hypothalamus

1)     It integrate and control visceral activities. The nuclei present in the hypothalamus gives signal to the body to eat, drink, get angry, keep cool, make love etc

2)     Through its connections to the brain stem it maintains homeostasis and internal equilibrium of the body.

3)     It organizes behaviour related to the survival of the species such as fighting, feeding, fleeing and mating. A septum which is linked to the hypothalamus contains another emotion centre for sexual arousal.

4)     It maintains body temperature at constant level by means of a complex thermostat system.

5)     They correct the rate of heart beat and respiration if they are wrong.

 

                                       Mid brain

It forms the middle portion of the brain. It controls the activity of voluntary muscles. It is also concerned with auditory and visual reflexes. Mid brain consists of four small lobes called corpora quadrigemina. The upper lobes are a pair of  superior colliculi and lower lobes are called inferior colliculi. The superior part of colliculi receives sensory informations from eyes and muscles of the head. They control all visual reflexes by co-ordinating the movements of head and eyes. The inferior pair of colliculi receives sensory impulses from the ears and muscles of the head. They control all auditory reflexes.

 

                                       Hind brain

Hind brain consists of cerebellum, medulla oblongata and pons varoli.

1)Cerebellum

   Cerebellum is the second largest part of the brain. It is placed between the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem. It is made up of two cerebral hemispheres.

Functions of cerebellum

A)It maintains of posture and equilibrium of the body is another function.

B)Cerebellum plays an important role in controlling all rapid muscular activities such as running, typing, talking etc

  2)Medulla oblongata

     It is the posterior most part of the brain. It connects the various parts of the  brain with spinal cord. Medulla controls important subconscious activities such as breathing, digestion, heart beat etc

 3)Pons varoli

    Pons varoli forms the floor of the brain stem. It is a neural connection connecting the cerebral cortex with cerebellum. It relays the information between cerebrum and cerebellum.

http://expertscolumn.com/content/different-parts-human-brain-and-its-functions

Article from articlesbase.com

Discoveries in the Human Brain: Neuroscience Prehistory, Brain Structure, and Function

This engaging and engrossing history of the brain and the emergence of modern neuroscience chronicles the many significant people and events that gradually produced today’s understanding of brain anatomy and physiology. The book traces this unfolding story from the first findings of gross neuroanatomy in the ancient world to the functional analysis of the electrophysiology of nerve impulses; from the early discoveries of the existence and operations of the central nervous system to, finally, the development in brain chemistry and pharmacology that have now brought us to neural networks and brain modeling. Along the way it offers numerous historic and rare plates, a rich tapestry of quotations from primary sources, and concise summaries of

Rating: (out of 2 reviews)

List Price: $ 109.00

Price: [wpramaprice asin="1617370347"]


Related Blogs

Brain Training Adults

I have 28 years of age. Is it too late to learn a foreign language?

In high school, I was taking Spanish and German aced every class with the best ratings. Then he dropped everything, and I have not touched a language for 12 years. I have a dream life of being fluent in a foreign language and have a real need to exercise in Russia. I'm intimidated by a language that does not come from Latin roots, and also intimidated by the fact that I'm old enough to be start again. So the question is: Can a person who is a 30-train your brain to understand and learn something that usually is reserved as a "force and capability" for children? Is it feasible, or is it unrealistic goal and sublime? I would like to hear from anyone who has learned a language later in life, and learn about some of the challenges or differences in learning as an adult.

活 到 老, 学到 老 this means "live to old age, the study of old age "is a saying in Mandarin Chinese. I started learning Mandarin when he was 28! I have 32 years and fluently. You can do it. You are never too old to learn a language.


Sit and Get Won't Grow Dendrites: 20 Professional Learning Strategies That Engage th


Sit and Get Won’t Grow Dendrites: 20 Professional Learning Strategies That Engage th


$30.47



Jump-Start the Adult Learner: How to Engage and Motivate Adults Using Brain-Comp


Jump-Start the Adult Learner: How to Engage and Motivate Adults Using Brain-Comp


$41.97



Entrenamiento cerebral / Brain training: Cuaderno 2


Entrenamiento cerebral / Brain training: Cuaderno 2


$7.54






Additional Information

Brain Power Cbs News

Studies of Appetite Suppressant Came to New Discoveries

In this article we will look more specifically at the science behind hoodia and how it has been studied as an appetite suppressant. We will also examine some theories on how hoodia is able to suppress your appetite.

What evidence is there that Hoodia works as an appetite suppressant? For thousands of years the Bushmen of South Africa having been eating Hoodia Gordonii to fight off hunger during their week long hunting trips. For the Bushmen there is no question as to the appetite suppressant power of Hoodia Gordonii – it is a simple fact of life – if you are going on a long journey you chew on hoodia to avoid hunger.

While the Bushmen did not do formal clinical studies, there is thousands of years of real world evidence that eating Hoodia works as an appetite suppressant. To the Bushmen eating hoodia to suppress appetite is as clear as drinking water to quench thirst.

There is also a growing body of journalist who can attest to the powers of hoodia. Here is a piece of the transcript from 60 Minutes (aired in Nov 2004):So how did it work? Stahl says she had no after effects – no funny taste in her mouth, no queasy stomach, and no racing heart. She also wasn’t hungry all day, even when she would normally have a pang around mealtime. And, she also had no desire to eat or drink the entire day. “I’d have to say it did work,” says Stahl.
- Leslie Stahl reporting on CBS News 60 Minutes

Tom Mangold, a correspondent from the BBC News reporting the following after eating Hoodia from the Kalahari Desert… At about 1800hrs I ate about half a banana size (piece of hoodia gordonii) – and later so did my cameraman. Soon after, we began the four hour drive back to Capetown. The plant is said to have a feel-good almost aphrodisiac quality, and I have to say, we felt good. But more significantly, we did not even think about food. Our brains really were telling us we were full. It was a magnificent deception.

Dinner time came and went. We reached our hotel at about midnight and went to bed without food. And the next day, neither of us wanted nor ate breakfast. I ate lunch but without appetite and very little pleasure. Partial then full appetite returned slowly after 24 hours. – Tom Mangold, BBC News reporting on 5/30/03

It is very rare for such established journalist to be so positive on a food supplement. Normally, the media is quick to find fault with any new dietary supplement and point out potential problems. Not only is Hoodia is being positively “field tested” by journalists, they are some of the most respected journalist in their field.

Were any clinical studies done with P57? Yes. In 2001 Phytopharm completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study in overweight, but otherwise healthy volunteers using the P57 extract from Hoodia gordonii. The participants were split into two groups, one group received the P57 and the other received a placebo. Both groups were told to continue their normal diet and exercise. The results were as follows:

When comparing the P57 group to the Placebo group: The P57 group had a statistically significant reduction in body fat. The P57 group had a statistically significant reduction in caloric intake The P57 had no adverse side effects. On average the P57 group ate about 1,000 calories a day less than those in the control group. To put that in perspective, the average American man consumes about 2,600 calories a day; a woman about 1,900.

Were there any side effects from taking Hoodia or P-57?
There have not been any side effects reported from eating Hoodia or from taking the P-57 molecule. Remember, for thousands of years that Bushmen have eaten hoodia gordonii plants with no ill side effects.

How can P57 (and Hoodia Gordonii) really suppress appetite to such a great extent? It is believed that Hoodia (and more specifically the p-57 in the hoodia) imitates the effect glucose has on nerve cells in the brain.

Basically, hoodia fools the brain into thinking it’s full when it’s not. So, your brain sends the signal that it is full and this cuts your urge to snack on unhealthy food. In fact, hoodia is more powerful than glucose in telling the brain that you are full. Here is how Phytopharm’s Dr Richard Dixey explained how P-57 actually works: “There is a part of your brain, the hypothalamus. Within that mid-brain there are nerve cells that sense glucose sugar. When you eat, blood sugar goes up because of the food, these cells start firing and now you are full. What the Hoodia seems to contain is a molecule that is about 10,000 times as active as glucose. It goes to the mid-brain and actually makes those nerve cells fire as if you were full. But you have not eaten. Nor do you want to.” -As reported by BBC News Correspondent – Tom Mangold – 5/30/2003

So I will never be hungry if I eat a hoodia plant supplement? Not exactly. We all need food to survive, when we feel hungry because we do not have enough food for the body to function this is called real hunger. You can not completely starve your body no matter how much Hoodia you eat. At some point your brain will figure out you do need food to function.

However, when you feel hungry because your insulin levels are bouncing all over the place, this is called hormonal hunger. It is this hormonal hunger which does in most people’s diets. When our blood sugar levels spike and fall, we crave more sweets and carbohydrates. This is why you might crave ice cream at 3am.

The idea of Hoodia gordonii is to use it to stop snacking because of hormonal hunger. You want to continue to eat meals when you have real hunger, but you want to eliminate all the snacking due to hormonal hunger. While hoodia can help eliminate both types of hunger, we feel it is unhealthy skip meals. The real advantage we see to hoodia is to eliminate cravings and snacks when you do not need to eat food.

I hear about diet pills all the time – what make Hoodia different? Most diet pills and supplements work by trying to increase the rate at which our body burns fat. If you think about our body as a machine, calories provide the fuel. If you run the machine (body) hotter, faster and harder – you burn more fuel (calories). I think you can see the problem here – run any machine too hot and hard for long and you can have problems. This was the problem with ephedra. Many people who took ephedra supplements lost weight, but there were serious health risks. Things like strokes and heart attacks were too real a possibility when using ephedra.

What makes Hoodia supplements so different is they really work to prevent weight gain. As much as everyone argues about which is better low carb or low fat – in the end losing weight is a simple equation. Take in less calories than you burn and you will lose weight. It is really simple math, you can not gain weight if you consume less calories than you burn. Hoodia gives you a powerful weapon to fight hunger and therefore take in less calories. No need to run the body hotter or faster or harder, simply you consume less calories and therefore lose weight.

About the Author

Professional research on organisational issues and matters that importat. While I promote Hoodia Gordonii Plus, I continue to monitor business and marketing metrics in terms of human factor involvement learn more http://www.offshelf.net.


Brain Fitness Frontiers

Alzheimer's Disease! Brain Games! Mind Gym! Cognitive function! Short-term memory loss!

Ask anyone who has forgotten the name of a partner for a long time job, or had re-read a paragraph three times before absorbing its content,
When the mental strength and agility youth start to slip, the wisdom of age tells something.You want you back.

If a method of preserving or restoring youthful mental vigor were safe, cheap and simple as diverting as playing a video game
for a short time each day, prudence tells us to.

This calculation is why mental fitness programs have become the last frontier in search of the nation to age without conceding to infirmity.

Regular Exercise helps the brain by improving concentration and attention.
Brain imaging studies show that older adults are very fit reaction fast, a better indication of the concentration of their less fit counterparts. They are also better able to concentrate on relevant information and ignore irrelevant signals, indicating better health.

The very suitable also show less a decrease in gray matter in the cortex that is observed normally with aging, which could suggest a protective effect of exercise against nerve cell death. This effect is more pronounced in the areas of brain involved in executive cognition that typically decline more with age.

When people think of keeping in shape, usually think from the neck down, and while exercise is important function throughout the body, health
your brain plays a critical role in almost everything you do: thinking, feeling, remembering, working and playing – even sleeping.

We now know that there is much you can do to help keep the brain healthy as you age. These measures may also reduce your risk of Alzheimer's disease or other dementias.

Simple lifestyle modifications also have an enormous impact on public health of our nation and the cost of health care.
If you make lifestyle changes healthy brain and take action by getting involved, we can achieve a future without Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia.

The Good News!
Destinct Researchers have found evidence which showed that the brain is capable produce new brain cells in order to maintain the pathways necessary for connections established long-term memories and to allow the acquisition of new memories.

Discovery that the brain can produce new brain cells was nothing short of revolutionary.
It became the vision they have of neuroscientists of brain aging and memory.

If the brain is capable of generating new brain cells
There is hope that one day be possible to compensate for damage and severe memory loss of dementia and that the consequence of degenerative brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

Exercising the brain. People who keep the brain active by reading or doing puzzles, word games or chess are less likely to have Alzheimer's disease.
"We found that the frequency of cognitive activity, but physical activity was associated with the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease
and the rate of the cognitive impairment. We found that compared with people with frequent cognitive activity, the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease was reduced by 50%
in often people who were cognitively active, "said Robert Wilson, Ph.D.

Wilson, RS et al. Neurology, November 2007, 69: 1911-1920.

So for a healthy brain better .. eat healthy, exercise a little every day, and constantly exercise the brain too!
brain games are fun, challenging and most importantly promote new pathways in the brain that can lead us to a better brain health.

For best minds everywhere!

Haylie Jordan

About the Author

The mystery of Alzheimer’s Disease has been an interest of mine for many years.Several family members have died of symptoms brought on by this debilitating disease.I have researched exhaustively the subject regarding early warning signs,causes and cures for Alzheimer’s Disease and other degenerative diseases that result in short term memory loss.Please check out my site http://improvethebrain.com for more detailed information.Also check out my blog and feel free to comment at http://improvethebrain.com/wordpress


Brain Fitness Frontiers


Brain Fitness Frontiers


$15.44



Imaging Neuroscience: Clinical Frontiers for Diagnosis and Management


Imaging Neuroscience: Clinical Frontiers for Diagnosis and Management


$57.50



Frontiers in Hypertension Research


Frontiers in Hypertension Research


$117.95





Page optimized by WP Minify WordPress Plugin